Inscription of optical waveguides in crystalline silicon by mid-infrared femtosecond laser pulses
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
For the first time to the authors' knowledge, optical waveguides have been inscribed in bulk crystalline silicon by ultrafast laser radiation. Femtosecond laser pulses of 40-nm spectral bandwidth, 1-kHz repetition rate, and 1.7-microJ on-target energy were applied at a mid-infrared wavelength of 2.4 microm to induce nonlinear absorption in the focal volume of the beam. By scanning the laser beam with respect to the sample, buried optical waveguides have been created that were single mode at 1550 and 1320 nm and guided light only with its polarization perpendicular to the sample's surface. Propagation losses with an upper limit of 1.2 dB/cm or less were observed throughout the optical telecommunications band.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it