Coding of Microsaccades in Three-Dimensional Space by Premotor Saccadic Neurons
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Microsaccades are small, involuntary eye movements that are produced during fixation. While accurate visual perception requires precise binocular coordination during fixation, previous studies of the neural control of microsaccades measured the movement of one eye only. Here we show how premotor saccadic neurons control these small fixational eye movements in three-dimensional space. Microsaccadic eye movements, produced by monkeys trained to fixate targets presented at different depths, were similarly distributed in three-dimensional space during both near and far viewing. Single unit recordings of the neural activity of premotor neurons further revealed that the brainstem saccadic circuitry controls these minute disconjugate shifts of gaze by preferentially encoding the dynamic movement of an individual eye (i.e., integrated control of conjugate and vergence motion). These findings challenge the traditional notion that microsaccades are strictly conjugate and have important implications for studies that use microsaccades to evaluate visual and attentional processing, as well as certain neurological disorders.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".