4‐Aminobiphenyl <i>N</i>‐glucuronidation by liver microsomes: optimization of the reaction conditions and characterization of the UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase isoforms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
4-Aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) is an arylamine that has long been associated with human and animal urinary bladder cancer. N-glucuronidation is an important metabolic pathway that contributes significantly to 4-ABP-bladder carcinogenesis by facilitating transport of the active metabolites from the liver to the bladder. This pathway is carried out by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGTs). These enzymes are located in the inner membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. Full UGT activity is not achieved until membrane constraints are removed. This study was conducted to optimize the incubation conditions of 4-ABP N-glucuronidation. The kinetic parameters of the isozymes most commonly involved in arylamine glucuronidation, namely UGT1A4 and UGT1A9, were also determined. The UGT reaction was linear in the incubation time (0-90 min) and in the microsomal protein range of 0-0.5 mg. Alamethicin, a pore-forming agent, was found to be the best reagent to activate UGTs. It increased the enzyme activity by nearly 8-fold and this activation was at concentration of 50 microg mg(-1) protein. Interestingly, UGT1A4 glucuronidated 4-ABP with more affinity and efficiency than did UGT1A9. The K(m) and V(max) of UGT1A4 for 4-ABP were 58.8 microm and 234.9 pmol min(-1) mg(-1) protein, respectively, and 227.5 microm and 31.2 pmol min(-1) mg(-1) protein for UGT1A9. Furthermore, hecogenin was found to be a competitive inhibitor for UGT1A4. It increased the K(m) of UGT1A4 for 4-ABP by nearly 10 fold at a concentration of 50 microm. This is the first report that tried to optimize the incubation conditions for 4-ABP N-glucuronidation and characterized the enzyme kinetic parameters of UGT isoforms catalysing 4-ABP N-glucuronidation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".