Bibliographic record
Abstract
Flowslide or failure of loose granular soil slopes is often explained using liquefaction or instability data obtained from undrained triaxial tests. However, under static loading conditions, the assumption of an undrained condition is not realistic for sand, particularly clean sand. Case studies have indicated that instability of granular soil can occur under essentially drained conditions (e.g., the Wachusett Dam failure in 1907). Laboratory studies on Changi sand by Chu et al. in 2003 have shown that sand can become unstable under completely drained conditions. However, these studies were carried out under axisymmetric conditions and thus, cannot be applied directly to the analysis of slope failures. In this paper, experimental data obtained from plane-strain tests are presented to study the instability behaviour of loose and dense sand under plane-strain conditions. Based on these test data, the conditions for the occurrence of drained instability in plane strain are established. Using the modified state parameter, the conditions for instability under both axisymmetric and plane-strain conditions can be unified. A framework for interpreting the instability conditions of sandy slopes developed under axisymmetric conditions also extends into plane-strain conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".