Distortion in Thermal Field Around Inserted Thermocouples in Experimental Interfacial Studies, Part 4: End Effect
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The main objective of this investigation is to develop a model for predicting the systematic temperature measurement error due to the thermal disturbance in the region surrounding the thermocouple hot junction. A parametric finite element analysis has been conducted to model the general case of a three-dimensional thermocouple installation inserted in a blind hole. The variables considered in this study are the level of the heat flux in the measurement zone, as well as the thermal characteristics of the thermocouple wires, the filler material (cement), and the solid material in which the installation is placed. Analysis of the results showed that the pattern of the disturbed temperature field around the thermocouple sensing element is critically dependent on the ratio between the thermal conductivities of the filler material and the solid material. The results also showed that a reduction in the temperature gradient in the undisturbed field results in a considerable increase in the partial heat flow into the thermocouple wires, and consequently a significant systematic temperature measurement error. The effect of the eccentric positioning of the thermocouple on the uncertainty limits of the measurement error was found to be quite significant. A generalized model is presented to estimate the measurement error for any combination of the thermocouple installation attributes. Experimental verification of some aspects of this analysis has been carried out using a well-controlled experiment in which the thermocouple hole is scale-modelled. Comparison of the test results with the finite element predictions confirmed the accuracy and validity of the numerical modelling and results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".