Modeling Aggregate Internal Pressure Evolution following Immersion to Quantify Mechanisms of Structural Stability
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Identification of the key components controlling aggregate stability is important in soil structure research. The deterioration of soil aggregates during rapid wetting has often been attributed to the swelling and internal pressure buildup resulting from the compression of entrapped air by the advancing wetting front. Organic matter is known to reduce the extent of slaking, but the different modes of action have not yet been quantified. The objective of the study was to use theoretical three‐dimensional models to quantify the effect of paper sludge amendment on the key processes controlling internal pressure evolution. A clay loam and a silty‐clay loam were incubated for a 2‐wk period with different amounts and types of paper sludge. Aggregates were then selected, air dried, and then fixed to a hypodermic needle connected to a pressure transducer, and the whole system was immersed in distilled water while images and pressure evolution were recorded. For both soils, the maximum internal pressure was lower in the sludge‐amended aggregates. From the models fitted to the observed data, it appears that the addition of paper sludge resulted in an increase of the potential at the wetting front and a decrease of the near saturated hydraulic conductivity. This result suggests that sludge addition reduces pressure buildup by reducing the rate of water entry, lowering the potential at the wetting front and reducing the hydraulic conductivity of the aggregate.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".