Muscle Shape as a Predictor of Traumatic Enophthalmos
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The literature on enophthalmos is reviewed to understand its etiology and its prevention following orbital fractures. Specifically, the importance of muscle shape changes in predicting enophthalmos is discussed. The indications for surgical repair of orbital blowout fractures are well established. However, 7 to 10% of patients still develop enophthalmos despite these criteria. Because late repair of enophthalmos is associated with poor esthetic and functional results, the sensitivity and specificity of the current indications need to be further improved. Increased orbital volumes after fracture together with soft tissue displacement and herniation are the two most important factors causing enophthalmos. The loss of both bone and periorbita as supporting structures is seen on coronal computed tomography scan as changes in shape of the extraocular muscles. In floor fractures, the inferior rectus changes from an ellipse to a more rounded shape. The same is true for the medial rectus in medial wall fractures. It is the degree of rounding measured as a ratio of height to width that has been shown to be predictive of enophthalmos. Therefore, because rounding signifies loss of bone and soft tissue support, it may be a more important indication for surgical intervention than fracture size alone.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it