U.S. red meat production from foreign-born animals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) propelled the integration of livestock markets among the United States, Mexico, and Canada. Along with vertical integration within the respective industries, different sectors of the cattle and hog industries have shifted their production locations based on resource efficiencies. Imports of live cattle and hogs, as well as beef and pork, in the United States have been steadily increasing since the implementation of NAFTA, except during the restrictions on cattle and beef imports from Canada due to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) discoveries there in 2003. There are limited empirical sources that relate the importation of livestock to the domestic U.S. production of meats. This paper introduces a methodology to estimate the amount of U.S. beef and pork production that can be attributed to foreign-born cattle and hogs. The procedure uses official U.S. trade data to quantify livestock imported at various weights and stages of production and projects the final production date and weight using existing data and literature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".