Attentional priming in visual search: Age-based differences in feature priming
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In visual search demanding focal attention to a feature singleton, trial-to-trial repetition of a target-defining feature or target location substantially reduces RT (Maljkovic & Nakayama, 1994, 1996; Hillstrom, 2000). This attentional priming has been taken to indicate the existence of an implicit short-term memory system to facilitate control of attention and eye movements in naturalistic tasks. Here, an experiment examined the effects of aging on such priming. A group of young adults (mean age = 19 years) and a group of older adults (mean age = 67 years) performed a visual search task requiring attentive discrimination of a feature singleton. Displays comprised three Landolt C's, spaced in equal intervals about an imaginary circle. Two C's were of one contrast polarity, and the third was of the opposite. The observers' task was to indicate the orientation of the contrast singleton. Target polarity and location varied randomly from trial to trial. Consistent with previous reports, repetition of either target-defining feature or target location facilitated search. Magnitude and persistence of location priming, further, were similar in younger and older subjects. However, age-based differences emerged in the magnitude of feature-based priming; the RT benefit of a repeated target feature was roughly twice as large in older as in younger observers. In conjunction with earlier evidence of inhibitory deficiencies in older adults, data suggest that attentional switching between target features, but not locations, may demand inhibition of established attentional set. Representations supporting attentional priming in visual search, though, appear to remain intact with age. HillstromA.P.(2000). Repetition effects in visual search. Perception & Psychophysics, 62, 800–817. MaljkovicV.NakayamaK.(1994). Priming of pop-out: I. Role of features. Memory & Cognition, 22, 657–672. MaljkovicV.NakayamaK.(1996). Priming of pop-out: II. Role of position. Perception & Psychophysics, 58, 977–991.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".