Diaphragm tension reduced in dystrophic mice by an oxidant, hypochlorous acid
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In dystrophin-deficient skeletal muscle cells, in which Ca2+ homeostasis is disrupted and reactive oxygen species production is increased, we hypothesized that hypochlorous acid (HOCl), a strong H2O2-related free radical, damages contractile proteins and the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of exposure to oxidative stress, generated by applying HOCl (100 micromol/L and 1 mmol/L), on the contractile function and sarcoplasmic reticulum properties of dystrophic mice. Experiments were performed on diaphragm muscle, which is severely affected in the mdx mouse, and the results were compared with those obtained in healthy (non-dystrophic) mice. In Triton-skinned fibres from C57BL/10 and mdx mice, 1 mmol/L HOCl increased myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity, but decreased maximal Ca2+-activated tension. In the presence of HOCl, higher concentrations of MgATP were required to produce rigor tensions. The interaction between HOCl and the Ca2+ uptake mechanisms was demonstrated using saponin-skinned fibres and sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles. The results showed that HOCl, at micromolar or millimolar concentrations, can modify sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ uptake and that this effect was more pronounced in diaphragm muscle from mdx mice. We conclude that in dystrophic diaphragm skeletal muscle cells, HOCl activates a cellular pathway that leads to an increase in the intracellular concentration of Ca2+.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".