Estimating contact force for steerable ablation catheters based on shape analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cardiac ablation using flexible catheters is a common interventional procedure for treating cardiac arrhythmia. This procedure is performed under image guidance and the contact force between the ablation tip and the heart tissue is one of the factors that greatly impacts the efficacy of the ablation procedure. This paper investigates the feasibility of estimating the force that the catheter tip exerts on the heart tissue by monitoring the changes in the shape of the deflectable distal shaft of the catheter (henceforth called the “deflectable shaft” or the “shaft” of the catheter). It is shown that variations in the shaft curvature provide information about how much force the catheter tip is exerting at its point of contact. Consequently, an index is defined for determining the range of contact forces based on the shaft curvature. Experimental results show that the defined index can correctly detect the range of applied contact forces in more than 80% of the cases. This study proves that the flexibility of the deflectable shaft provides a means of estimating contact forces exerted by the catheter tip.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".