Benign inflammatory pseudotumour mimicking extrahepatic bile duct cholangiocarcinoma in an adult man presenting with painless obstructive jaundice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Inflammatory pseudotumours (IPTs) of the biliary tract are extremely rare and heterogeneous by aetiology and clinical presentation. They might cause biliary obstruction and mimic cholangiocarcinomas and their final diagnosis is usually achieved only after surgical excision. The most characteristic feature of IPT is the presence of chronic inflammatory cell infiltrates with variable degree of proliferating fibrous tissue. IPTs have the potential for recurrence even after resection and if untreated they can grow causing a variety of symptoms due to compression of the surrounding structures and organs. Despite the significant improvement of modern imaging techniques, preoperative distinction between IPTs of the biliary system and malignancies is extremely difficult. Histological diagnosis poses a clinical challenge because sampling is often suboptimal. Although rare, IPTs should be in the differential diagnosis of patients who present with painless jaundice and no other clinical symptoms or signs characteristics of cholangiocarcinomas.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".