Anodic Behavior and Corrosion Resistance of the Pb-MnO<sub>2</sub>Composite Anodes for Metal Electrowinning
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, integrity and corrosion properties of the Pb-MnO2 composite anodes fabricated through single-action powder pressing were investigated. The effects of the MnO2 content on the properties of the composite anodes were studied and compared with those of the Pb and Pb-Sn-Ca anodes. Galvanostatic experiments (50 mA/cm2) were performed in stagnant sulphuric acid solution at 37°C for the durations of 24 and 72 hours. The results indicated that the Pb-MnO2 anodes operated at lower potentials than the Pb-Sn-Ca anode. The electrocatalytic activity of the composite anodes was improved as their MnO2 content increased, however, high MnO2 contents resulted in electrochemically unstable anodes. The composite anodes showed a lower degradation rate and better corrosion resistance compared to the Pb-Sn-Ca anode. Surface morphology and structure of the anodic layer on the anodes were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Barrier properties of the anodic layer on the electrodes were investigated through cyclic voltammetric measurements. Results revealed that formation of the surface anodic layer was enhanced on the Pb-MnO2 anodes. The anodic layers formed on the composite anodes in 72-hour polarization were more compact than that of the Pb-Sn-Ca anode and provided higher levels of protection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".