Effects of morphine withdrawal on catecholaminergic neurons on heart right ventricle; implication of dopamine receptors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to examine the effects of D1-and D2-dopamine receptors blockade on the changes in the ventricular content of catecholamines in rats withdrawn from morphine. Rats were given morphine by subcutaneous (s.c.) implantation of morphine pellets for 5 days. On the eighth day, morphine withdrawal was induced by s.c. administration of naloxone (1 mg/kg), and rats were killed 30 min later. Pretreatment with SCH 23390 (dopamine D1, D5 receptor antagonist) 15 min prior to naloxone administration suppressed some the behavioural signs of morphine withdrawal, whereas eticlopride (dopamine D2, D3, D4 receptor antagonist) did not. In addition, biochemical analysis indicate that SCH 23390 completely abolished the withdrawal-induced increase in noradrenaline and dopamine turnover in the right ventricle. By contrast, eticlopride did not block the hyperactivity of catecholaminergic neurons in the heart during morphine withdrawal. These data suggest that the hyperactivity of catecholaminergic neurons in the heart during morphine withdrawal is dependent upon D1 dopamine receptor activation. In addition, our results exclude the involvement of D2 dopamine receptors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".