Hydration of Partially Sulphated CFBC Ash With Saturated Steam
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The hydration of partially sulphated fluidized bed combustion (FBC) ash with saturated steam was carried out in the laboratory. The ash samples were obtained from a commercial-scale 165 MWe circulating fluidized bed combustor (CFBC) firing a petroleum coke and coal blend. Both bottom ash and fly ash were tested, and in addition the bottom ash was also separated into five size fractions and tested. These solid streams and the “as-received” fly ashes were hydrated by steam produced in a pressure bomb for different lengths of time at different saturated temperatures. Samples of the ashes were analyzed for free lime and calcium hydroxide content before and after the hydration process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with an energy dispersive X-ray system (EDX) was employed to determine physical characteristics of the samples. X-ray diffractograms (XRD) were also used to determine the phase composition. These results show that after hydration treatment with saturated steam at elevated pressures, the unreacted CaO in the partially sulphated material can be quantitatively converted to Ca(OH)2. However, the free lime content is also observed to change throughout the hydration process, which indicates that the hydration of CaO is not the only reaction occurring in this system. It is also clear that for fines, i.e., fly ash and <75 μm size fraction bottom ash, the effectiveness of the hydration depends much more strongly on hydration time and temperature than for coarser ashes and it is also clear that the behaviour of each particle size fraction is different.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".