Effects of calcium propionate on rumen fermentation, urinary excretion of purine derivatives and feed digestibility in steers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
SUMMARY The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of calcium propionate supplementation on rumen fermentation, urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD) and feed digestibility in the total gastrointestinal tract of steers. Eight ruminally cannulated Simmental steers (462±14 kg) were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square arrangement of treatments with experimental periods of 21 days. The treatments were: control (without calcium propionate), LCaP (calcium propionate – low), MCaP (calcium propionate – medium) and HCaP (calcium propionate – high) with 100, 200 and 300 g calcium propionate per steer per day. Diet consisted of 0·60 maize stover and 0·40 concentrate (dry matter (DM) basis). DM intake (average 9 kg/day) was restricted to a maximum of 0·90 ofad libitumintake. Ruminal pH (range of 6·7–6·5) linearly (P<0·003) and quadratically (P<0·005) decreased, and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration (range of 64·4–67·1 mm) tended (P<0·087) to increase linearly with rising calcium propionate supplementation. Ratio of acetate to propionate fell linearly (P<0·006) and quadratically (P<0·008) from 3·5 to 2·6 as calcium propionate supplementation increased due to the additional propionate supplementation.In situruminal neutral detergent fibre (NDF) degradation of maize stover and crude protein (CP) degradability of concentrate mix were improved with increasing concentration of calcium propionate. Urinary excretion of PD was linearly (P<0·032) and quadratically (P<0·048) increased with greater calcium propionate supplementation (72, 74, 77 and 76 mmol/day for control, LCaP, MCaP and HCaP, respectively). Similarly, digestibilities of organic matter (OM), NDF and CP in the total tract were also linearly and quadratically improved with increasing calcium propionate. The results indicate that the calcium propionate supplementation potentially improves rumen fermentation and feed digestion in beef cattle. It is speculated that calcium propionate stimulates the digestive microorganisms or enzymes in a dose-dependent manner. In the experimental conditions of the current trial, the optimum calcium propionate dose was about 200 g calcium propionate per steer per day.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".