Structure of turbulent flow over 90° and 45° transverse ribs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article reports on an experimental study of turbulent flows over periodic arrays of transverse square ribs attached to the bottom and top walls of an asymmetric converging channel preceded by an upstream parallel section. In the first and second series of experiments, the ribs on both walls were, respectively, arranged perpendicular and then at an angle of 45° to the sidewalls of the channel in a non-staggered configuration. A high-resolution particle image velocimetry system was used to conduct detailed velocity measurements in the upstream parallel and converging sections of the channel. For the 45° ribs, measurements were made at three different streamwise planes to capture the secondary motions produced by the inclined ribs. From these measurements, profiles and contours of the mean velocities, one-point turbulent statistics including the Reynolds stresses, Reynolds stress ratios, triple velocity correlations, and two-point correlation functions were obtained. These results, together with reference smooth-wall measurements in the fully developed section of a plane channel, are used to document the effects of rib roughness, pressure gradient, rib inclination, and spanwise location of the mean flow and turbulent statistics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".