A piezoelectric force sensor for mill-scale chip refiners
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Refiners are used in the pulp and paper industry to separate wood chips into individual fibres and to develop the morphology of fibres to be suitable for the type and grade of paper to be produced. Within a refiner are discs, at least one of which rotates at high speed and all of which are lined with radial patterns of bars on their opposed surfaces. A mixture of chips and water is accelerated radially through the space between the discs. Compressive and shear forces are applied to chips and fibres as the bars on the opposed discs cross each other. Experiments have shown that certain process variables can greatly affect the forces applied to chips or fibres when bars cross. These findings suggest that the contact mechanics of bar-crossings are a significant factor in the development of fibre properties. To investigate these contact mechanics in operating refiners, a piezoelectric-based sensor has been developed to measure the forces applied to the chips and fibres by the bars. The sensor replaces a small section of a refiner bar and is sensitive to both axial and tangential forces. The current paper describes the evolution of the design of this sensor from a proof-of-concept prototype for a laboratory-scale refiner to the latest generation sensor for a mill-scale refiner. Performance during the most recent mill trials is presented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".