Simulation of permeability and geomechanical anisotropy in fractured reservoirs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Naturally fractured reservoirs are found in most major hydrocarbon provinces of the world including the Middle East, North Africa, North and South America, and the North Sea. They are generally defined as reservoirs where the flow of hydrocarbons is influenced by an interconnected system of macroscopic planar discontinuities created by natural processes (e.g., tectonic forces or physical diagenesis). These reservoirs present special challenges for development and exploitation and require an understanding of the interactions between the fractures and the background reservoir rock (i.e., the matrix). The geomechanical and reservoir properties of both fractures and rock matrix can vary widely, and one must recognize and account for these properties on a case-by-case basis. In general, enhancement of permeability is usually attributed to the fracture networks while the matrix is associated with storage capacity. But there are exceptions to this general rule, and in highly crystalline rocks, fractures may provide a majority of the porosity. The behavior of fracture systems over the life of a field can lead to prolific producers or disappointing underperformers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".