Simplified Thermo-Elasto-Plastic Analysis Models for Determination of Global and Local Stresses in Coke Drums
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Coke drums are major pressure vessels used in petroleum refineries. In this paper, two simplified analytical models based on thermo-elasto-plastic constitutive theory have been developed to evaluate global and local stresses in coke drums during their operation cycles. The first model considers the temperature and internal pressure cycle experienced by a drum shell element consisting of clad and base steels. The second model is an axisymmetric circular cladding plate model experiencing a non-uniform temperature distribution history. The latter model considers the effects of severe local non-uniform temperature distributions produced by the hot/cold spots appearing randomly in coke drums during the water quenching stage. The predicted results by the simplified models are in agreement with the results obtained from much complicated and time-consuming finite element analysis (FEA) models for the coke drums. Corresponding software packages for application of the two simplified analysis models (SAM) have also been developed. The developed SAM and software could be a more convenient analysis tool for coke drum designers and engineers in comparison to the use of FEA software package.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".