Smoking increases recurrent viral hepatitis after liver transplantation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Smoking is a common behavior among transplant candidates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of smoking on a range of complications after liver transplantation. We reviewed data about patient demographics and various complications after liver transplantation that were recorded in the McGill University Health Centre liver transplant database over a 14-year period. χ(2) and multivariate analyses were performed. Four hundred forty-four liver transplants were performed from 1990 to 2004, and 63 were repeat transplants. Only primary liver transplant recipients were included in our analysis. Smokers (ie, active or former smokers) were more likely to be male (77.9% versus 62.7%, P = 0.009) and Caucasian (88.4% versus 78.0%, P = 0.03). The median survival time was 13.23 years for smokers and was not estimable for nonsmokers because of censoring. The median recurrent viral hepatitis-free survival time was 0.87 years for smokers and 4.10 years for nonsmokers (P = 0.03). The following variables were not found to be associated with the smoking status: patient survival (P = 0.78), time to biliary complications after liver transplantation (P = 0.67), time to the first rejection episode after liver transplantation (P = 0.61), and time to depression after liver transplantation (P = 0.67). A Cox proportional hazards regression showed that recurrent viral hepatitis-free survival was still strongly associated with smoking [HR = 2.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.13-3.68, P = 0.018] and was marginally associated with East Asian race (HR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.06-1.06, P = 0.06) and male sex (HR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.34-1.02, P = 0.06). In conclusion, recurrent viral hepatitis-free survival was decreased for smokers after liver transplantation, likely because of the adverse effects of tobacco on immunological host defenses. Overall, the biliary complication-free, depression-free, and rejection-free survival rates were similar for smokers and nonsmokers. These findings suggest that smoking cessation should be encouraged, particularly in recipients undergoing transplantation for viral hepatitis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".