Molecular Organization of Crystalline β-Carotene in Carrots Determined with Polarization-Dependent Second and Third Harmonic Generation Microscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Polarization-in, polarization-out (PIPO) second harmonic generation (SHG) and third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy was used to study the crystalline organization of β-carotene molecules within individual aggregates contained in the chromoplasts of orange carrots in vivo. Multimodal PIPO SHG and PIPO THG studies of the aggregates revealed one dominant SHG and THG dipole signifying that β-carotene molecules are oriented along a single axis. Three-dimensional visualization of the orientation of β-carotene molecules with respect to the aggregate axis was also performed with both microscopy modalities and revealed organization of the aggregates as ribbon-like structures consisting of twists and folds. Therefore, PIPO SHG and PIPO THG microscopy provides information on the crystalline organization and the orientation of ordered biological structures in vivo where multimodal polarization dependent SHG and THG investigations are particularly advantageous as both noncentrosymmetric and centrosymmetric crystalline organizations can be probed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".