Changes in Employment by Gender and Business Operation in Newly Privatized Companies in Tanzania
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although a body of research is now available on privatization in Africa, little has been published on the changes in employment by gender or of changes in business organization in the newly privatized enterprises. In all sub-Saharan African countries where privatization has occurred, employment levels have fallen from pre-privatization levels. In general, government policy in the socialist countries was to treat women equally with men in employment and wage levels. However, practice was often at odds with policy. In this case study, sixteen newly privatized firms in Tanzania were visited each year for four years. This article includes a brief description of the changes in ownership/management, type of business organization, employment levels, problems, and potential economic viability of the new enterprises. In 2000, data on employment by gender were also obtained, together with changes in business organization, physical working conditions and management attitudes toward female employment. It was assumed that in a male-dominated society with a high unemployment rate, a stagnant economy and a withdrawal of the socialist emphasis, the ratio of female to male employees would fall. However, it was actually found to have risen. Additional research is necessary to confirm or deny this important finding.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".