Increased Expression of Interleukin‐9, Interleukin‐9 Receptor, and the Calcium‐Activated Chloride Channel hCLCA1 in the Upper Airways of Patients With Cystic Fibrosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Mucus overproduction is commonly found in airway disease in patients with cystic fibrosis. Interleukin-9 (IL-9) has been shown to mediate airway hyper-responsiveness and mucus overproduction. Recently, the calcium-activated chloride channel hCLCA1 has been described to be upregulated by IL-9 and has been thought to regulate the expression of soluble gel-forming mucins. We sought to examine the expression of IL-9, interleukin-9 receptor (IL-9R), and hCLCA1 in the upper airway of patients with cystic fibrosis in comparison to healthy control subjects and to demonstrate the relationship of IL-9, IL-9R, and hCLCA1 expression with mucus production. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective design. METHODS: Biopsy samples from nasal polyps of four patients with cystic fibrosis, nasal mucosa of six patients with cystic fibrosis, sinus mucosa of eight patients with cystic fibrosis, and nasal mucosa of six healthy control subjects were stained with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) to identify mucus glycoconjugates. IL-9, IL-9R, and hCLCA1 expression was determined by immunocytochemical study. RESULTS: We demonstrated significant increases in IL-9, IL-9R, and hCLCA1 immunoreactivity in the mucosa of patients with cystic fibrosis compared with that found in control subjects (P <.05). There were no significant differences between the different locations (nasal polyps, nasal mucosa, and sinus mucosa) in the patient group (P >.05). We also observed a significant increase in the number of mucus-producing cells in biopsy specimens from patients with cystic fibrosis in comparison to control subjects. A positive correlation was found between hCLCA1-positive cells and IL-9-positive cells (correlation coefficient [r] = 0.79, P <.05) or IL-9R-positive cells (r = 0.92, P <.05). Moreover, a positive correlation was also present between PAS-positive (mucus-producing) cells and hCLCA1-positive cells (r = 0.64, P <.05) or IL-9R-positive cells (r = 0.64, P <.05). CONCLUSIONS: Increased expression of IL-9 and IL-9R, as well as upregulation of hCLCA1, in mucus-overproducing epithelium of patients with cystic fibrosis supports the hypothesis that IL-9 contributes to mucus overproduction in cystic fibrosis. Expression of hCLCA1 may also be responsible, in part, for the overproduction of mucus. These preliminary findings suggest that hCLCA1 might be an interesting new therapeutic target to control mucus overproduction in airway disease in patients with cystic fibrosis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".