Characteristics of a Multi-jet Burner in Oxy-Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Flames
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, a multi-jet burner with an extremely intense flame was designed for oxy-fuel combustion. The flame characteristics were experimentally and numerically investigated at a fixed overall flow rate of fuel and oxygen and at oxygen feeding ratios (OFRs) of 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75, which gives an overall equivalence ratio of 0.909. The measured temperature profiles were compared to values predicted by numerical simulations, and good agreement was observed. To determine the cause of differing flame height at various OFRs, the iso-surfaces of the fuel, oxygen mole fraction, and the mixture fraction in the physical space were investigated using the numerical data. These results can be understood through an analysis of the scalar dissipation rate, which signifies the mixing characteristics of the fuel with the oxygen and the destruction of scalar fluctuations by turbulent mixing. The flame height seen at an OFR of 0.25 was the lowest because the peak scalar dissipation rate was higher than at other flow conditions. This information is important to reduce the flame height for the control of an intense flame.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".