Bibliographic record
Abstract
SHOULD GAS STAY AT HOME? As recently as 2005-2007, North America was seen as threatened by major and enduring gas shortage. Prices were expected to stay as high as, or exceed present European gas import prices, typically $10 $12 per million BTU (July 2013) for pipeline gas, and often more than that for LNG imports. Asian LNG gas import prices for certain markets, especially Japan, can presently attain more than $15 per million BTU pricing this energy at close to $35 per 1000 kWh (MWh). Electricity produced from gas at this price will have a generating-fuel-only cost of around or above $70 per 1000 kWh. For September delivery, early August prices of US natural gas contracts traded on the Nymex are currently priced around $3.45 per million BTU. In 2005-2007 major investment was underway in the US to build terminals to import LNG, not to ship it overseas. Today, converting import terminals into export terminals, and building new LNG export terminals at typical costs ranging from $10 to $20 billion each, is the major planned or projected gas infrastructure program underway in the US and Canada. Due to the turnaround being recent, the high costs, and regulatory requirements including energy policy and environmental concerns, the US government has to date only approved two projects for LNG exports. Debate rages in Washington over whether to allow more, with calls for no or low exports from the USA coming from consumer groups and major industrial gas and energy users, such as Dow Chemical, who say the gas should stay on the continent to ensure cheap energy for domestic manufacturing and consumers.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.016 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.024 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".