An action potential‐induced and ryanodine sensitive calcium transient dynamically regulates transmitter release at synapses between <i>Lymnaea</i> neurons
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The notion that calcium released through ryanodine receptors effects presynaptic neurotransmitter release is gaining acceptance with the observation that this calcium does indeed contribute to both action potential-evoked and spontaneous transmitter release in a variety of preparations. However, the dynamics of this calcium release and its impact on transmitter release has not yet been fully elucidated. Moreover, in contrast to vertebrate synapses, much less is known about the involvement of ryanodine receptors in the regulation of transmitter release at invertebrate synapses. In this study, we reconstructed specific synapses between individually identifiable preand postsynaptic neurons from Lymnaea to demonstrate that although ryanodine reduces the amplitude of the action potential-induced calcium transient, it does not however, alter the resting calcium level. These data suggest that action potential-induced calcium release through ryanodine receptors is fast and highly dynamic and in turn regulates transmitter release at reconstructed synapses between Lymnaea neurons. This study thus provides direct evidence that a dynamic ryanodine receptor-mediated calcium transient occurs with the presynaptic action potential.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".