The Effect of the Elimination of Federal Milk Marketing Orders on Farm‐level Markets: A Laboratory Experiment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Experimental markets are used to simulate U.S. dairy market conditions and the effect of the elimination of Federal Milk Marketing Orders. The experimental task is a simple 2x2 matrix laboratory game that is computer assisted. The treatments are oligopsony and regulation. Perishability is represented by advance production decision with no carryover and is kept constant across the experiments. Sellers make production decisions and receive a pool price, while buyers make a price (bid) and quantity decision. Experimental results indicate that, in the absence of regulation, buyers are successful in reducing market price and in capturing a larger share of market surplus than a perfectly competitive solution predicts. Regulation reduced the market power of buyers and the price fluctuation of raw milk, in an oligopsonistic market, and does not reduce the overall price efficiency of the market. L'auteur s'est servi de marchés expérimentaux pour simuler la situation sur le marché américain des produits laitiers et les répercussions de l'abolition des Federal Milk Marketing Orders (décrets fédéraux de commercialisation du lait). L'expérience consistait en un simple jeu de laboratoire à matrice 2x2 assisté par ordinateur. Les deux situations examinées étaient l'oligopsone et la régiementation. L'aspect périssable des denrées est representé par une décision de production avant prix sans possibilité d'entre pasage, et est constante dans toutes les expériences. Les vendeurs prenaient des décisions à l'égard de la production et recevaient un prix commun, tandis que les décisions des acheteurs se rapportaient au prix (offre) et à la quantité. Les résultats de l'expérience indiquent qu'en l'absence de réglementation, les acheteurs réussissent a diminuer le prix de marché et à capturer une part du surplus économique plus importante que celle prévue dans une situation de concurrence idéale. La réglementation affaiblit le pouvoir de marché des acheteurs et atténue la fluctuation des prix du lait cru sur un marché oligopsone sans pour autant réduire l'efficacité du marché, dans l'ensemble.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".