Sighs and Their Relationship to Apnea in the Newborn Infant
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that sighs are mechanistically important in triggering apnea, we studied 10 preterm infants, group 1: body weight 1.8 ± 0.1 kg, gestational age 33 ± 1 weeks, postnatal age 21 ± 4 days, and 10 term infants, group 2: body weight 3.9 ± 0.15 kg, gestational age 40 ± 0.4 weeks, postnatal age 1.4 ± 0.2 days. Instantaneous ventilatory changes associated with a sigh were studied in another 10 preterm infants, group 3: body weight 1.6 ± 0.11 kg, gestational age 32 ± 0.4 weeks, postnatal age 25 ± 4 days. Ventilation was measured using a nosepiece and a flow-through system. Sleep states were recorded. Sighs were more frequent in preterm than in term infants (0.4 ± 0.04 vs. 0.18 ± 0.03 sighs/min; p = 0.03) and in rapid eye movement than in quiet sleep (0.5 ± 0.05 vs. 0.3 ± 0.05 sighs/min; p = 0.05). Of 722 apneas, 235 (33%) were associated with a sigh; of these, 113 (48%) preceded and 122 (52%) followed a sigh. Sighs induced with airway occlusion (groups 1 and 2) were more frequent after occlusion on 21 than on 35% O<sub>2</sub>, particularly when O<sub>2</sub> saturation was low and negative airway pressure high. Instantaneous ventilation measured over 10 breaths preceding a sigh did not show any trend indicating the possible appearance of a sigh. Tidal volume increased from 7.5 ± 0.7 before the sigh to 18.9 ± 0.7 ml/kg (p < 0.01) during a sigh, with a significant increase in inspiratory drive. Ventilation increased from 0.327 ± 0.041 to 0.660 ± 0.073 1/min/kg. These findings suggest that: (1) sighs appear to have a minimal, if any, causal relationship with apnea; (2) hypoxia (21 % O<sub>2</sub> + occlusion) seems to be an important determinant for triggering sighs, and (3) there are no changes in instantaneous ventilation preceding a sigh which indicate an imminent sigh.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it