Involvement of vertebrate hemoglobin in antioxidant protection: chicken blood as a model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Redox balance can be described as the equilibrium between oxidative and reductive forces within the cell. These forces control several cellular events, including the modulation of redox-sensitive receptors and signaling pathways. In cells, glutathione is the major non-protein thiol and is considered the main redox buffer. The ratio between the oxidized (GSSG) and reduced (GSH) forms reflects the cellular redox balance. Reactive protein thiols, including vertebrate hemoglobin (Hb), have been proposed as effective antioxidants that can contribute to the redox balance. To further explore this possibility, chicken ( Gallus gallus (L., 1758)) blood was used as a model system. The use of known oxidants (hydroperoxides, diamide, and a system generating reactive oxygen species) originated a pattern of glutathiolation in chicken erythrocytes that was fully reversed after removal of the oxidant, this being consistent with a physiological response. The glutathiolation sequence correlates to kinetic data on chicken Hb cysteine reactivity. The major chicken hemoglobin (Hb A) is responsible for most of the glutathiolated protein where the presence of externally positioned and fast-reacting cysteines is a contributing factor. The antioxidant potential of fast-reacting Hb cysteines is in line with the conservation of cysteine residues in Hb stereochemical positions in more than 95% of the available avian Hb sequences. This may represent an evolutionary trend for the antioxidant function of externally positioned and reactive cysteines in abundant proteins.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".