A compact on-chip IR-drop measurement system in 28 nm CMOS technology
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A sensor system for measuring the power-ground (PG) noise in very large scale integrated circuits is presented. The proposed system utilizes sensor elements with standard cell dimensions enabling high spatial resolution voltage measurements of power and ground rails. Asynchronous sub-sampling is used to directly convert the analog signals into the digital domain inside the sensors to ensure precise waveform acquisition. Timing signals are derived from a all-digital phase-locked-loop (ADPLL) which guarantees accurate low-noise sampling of the supply waveforms. The sensor system has been implemented in a 28nm CMOS test chip. Simultaneous acquisition of voltage drop and ground bounce at 300 probe points within a 120μm × 120μm macro at 62.5 ps time and up to 250μV voltage resolution shows the capabilities of both, high spatial and high temporal resolution measurement of PG noise.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".