Stereotactic Radiosurgery of the Rete Mirabile in Swine: A Longitudinal Study of Histopathological Changes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Stereotactic radiosurgery is an established, effective treatment for brain arteriovenous malformations. The mechanisms of vessel occlusion in arteriovenous malformations has not been extensively evaluated. To better understand these mechanisms, we report histopathological changes in the swine rete mirabile after stereotactic radiosurgery. METHODS: Thirty-five swine were used, 15 as nonradiated controls and 20 as radiated. Two in the control group and five in the radiated group were sacrificed before the study endpoint. Tissue was obtained from 13 nonradiated (4 at 3 mo, 5 at 6 mo, 4 at 9 mo) and 15 radiated swine (2 at 3 mo, 3 at 6 mo, 10 at 9 mo) for histological, immunohistochemical, and morphometric analysis. RESULTS: Radiated vessels showed increasing intimal hyperplasia over the follow-up period. Histometrical analysis confirmed this with evidence of progressive luminal narrowing over the follow-up period. Immunohistochemical analysis showed intimal cells to be proliferating smooth muscle cells with surrounding extracellular collagen Type IV. Adventitial fibrosis composed of collagen Type IV was also seen with smooth muscle cells interspersed within the collagen matrix. The nonradiated animals showed no intimal hyperplasia or change in the appearance or size of the vessels over the same follow-up period. Adventitial fibrosis was minimal in the nonradiated animals. CONCLUSION: The vessels show an intimal response to radiation with progressive occlusion caused by migrating, proliferating smooth muscle cells, a likely source of the extracellular collagen in the intima. Cytokine mediated pathways likely produce these morphological changes. Future studies will be directed toward elucidating these underlying molecular mechanisms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".