Behavior of dairy calves after a low dose of bacterial endotoxin1
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to better describe early behavioral responses of calves to illness to help improve early detection. We examined the behavior of calves after injections of very low doses of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Fifteen dairy calves of 2 ages (3 and 20 wk), housed in individual pens and fed milk and concentrates with free access to hay and water, were injected i.v. with 1 of 2 low doses (0.025 or 0.05 microg/kg of BW) of LPS before feed delivery with saline injections as a control using a crossover design. Fifteen calves showed an increased body temperature (>39.5 degrees C) lasting 2 to 8 h, with a maximum temperature of 40.59 +/- 0.52 degrees C attained 4.62 +/- 0.96 h after the LPS injection. Video recordings were used to measure durations of behaviors during a 4-h period when body temperatures were elevated. We found a decreased duration of rumination (LPS vs. saline 6.42 +/- 3.69 min vs. 24.57 +/- 6.64 min; P = 0.001) and hay eating (23.11 +/- 6.93 min vs. 31.52 +/- 7.54 min; P = 0.04), a decreased frequency of self-grooming (13.47 +/- 1.75 vs. 24.07 +/- 3.12; P = 0.008), and an increased duration of lying inactive (132.63 +/- 10.60 min vs. 104.39 +/- 12.63 min; P = 0.02). There was an increased bout frequency (P = 0.002) and mean bout duration (P = 0.005) of standing inactive. Changes in these behaviors may indicate the beginning of illness. Time spent lying down and amount of concentrate and milk consumed were not affected. There were no differences between the 2 doses and no interactions between LPS and the age of the calves. Very low doses of LPS seem promising to understand early development of sickness behaviors in dairy calves. However, the short duration of the effect and differences between calves in sensitivity to LPS must be considered as limitations to the effectiveness of this model.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".