Imaging arbuscular mycorrhizal structures in living roots of <i>Nicotiana tabacum</i> by light, epifluorescence, and confocal laser scanning microscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Light and epifluorescence (blue light excitation) microscopy was used to obtain micrographs of the same sections of unstained (living roots) and stained (dead) tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) roots colonized by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe. To visualize all mycorrhizal structures, roots were in situ stained with trypan blue. The metabolically active fungal tissue was determined by an in situ succinate dehydrogenase stain. A comparison of micrographs of unstained and stained mycorrhizal tobacco roots revealed that (i) finely branched arbuscules do not autofluoresce, but high autofluorescence was observed in clumped structures of collapsed arbuscules; and (ii) finely branched arbuscules are metabolically active, but no activity can be detected in autofluorescent collapsed arbuscules. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used in combination with the two fluorochromes 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate or 5(6)-carboxy-seminaphthorhodafluor. Both fluorochromes administered to abraded tobacco leaves are transported via the phloem to the roots. Loading plants with 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate resulted in a fluorescence of root cells with highly branched arbuscules. After loading the phloem with 5(6)-carboxy-seminaphthorhodafluor, all fungal structures in the root (from relatively thick hyphae to finest branches of arbuscules) were clearly visible in the intact root. The transport route of compounds from the plants to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is discussed.Key words: Glomales, mycorrhiza, fluorescence, SDH, confocal, transport.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".