A 20th-century record of naphthalene in an ice core from Svalbard
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Measurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a 122 m ice-core record from Lomonosovfonna, Svalbard, showed only naphthalene (NAP) to be detectable with our small (average 56 g) sample sizes. Prior to the 1930s,NAP was below our determination limit, but its concentration increased to a peak in the 1980s. In general, concentrations (5–53 ng kg –1 ) are six times lower than for Agassiz Ice Cap, Canada, but about 50 times higher than in Greenland. Correlation of NAP with physical and chemical parameters in the core strongly suggests winter time deposition of NAP with Arctic haze. Post-depositional effects of periodic melting appear slight, probably due to the hydrophobic nature of NAP. the contribution made to the record by small coal-mining activities on Svalbard appears to be small compared with anthropogenic emissions from long-range sources.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".