Ice nucleation in NH<sub>4</sub>HSO<sub>4</sub>, NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> aqueous particles: Implications for cirrus cloud formation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The temperature at which ice nucleation occurs in aqueous NH4HSO4, NH4NO3, and H2SO4 particles has been studied as a function of solute concentration. The onset of freezing was determined using FTIR extinction spectroscopy coupled to a low‐temperature flow tube system. The greatest supercooling with respect to equilibrium freezing was observed for H2SO4/H2O. Considerably less supercooling was observed for NH4NO3/H2O, and less yet for the NH4HSO4/H2O system. All three aerosol types exhibit a lower freezing temperature, as a function of solute concentration, than (NH4)2SO4 particles previously studied by this approach. These results suggest that air masses containing ammoniated sulfate particles will promote cirrus cloud formation at higher temperatures and lower relative humidities than will those containing pure H2SO4 particles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".