Developmental Onset of Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy in 4 Quarter Horse Foals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) is characterized by the accumulation of glycogen and an abnormal polysaccharide in the skeletal muscle fibers of Quarter Horse–related breeds. Glycogen storage disorders have been identified in human beings and other animal species that are due to single gene mutations causing deficiencies in the enzyme activities of the glycogenolytic or glycolytic pathways.1 Biochemical studies have demonstrated that horses with PSSM have functional glycogenolytic and glycolytic pathways.2 More recently, muscle glycogen and abnormal polysaccharide accumulation in PSSM horses have been suggested to be due to a novel defect in glucose transport in skeletal muscle. Results of IV and oral glucose tolerance tests in adult PSSM horses indicated that affected individuals have enhanced glucose clearance from the bloodstream, which occurs at lower insulin concentrations than in controls.3 Clinical signs of PSSM include muscle stiffness, pain, and reluctance to exercise and are usually 1st noticed in adult horses at the commencement of training or when exercise resumes after a lay-up period.4 Serum creatine kinase (CK) activity may be high at rest in PSSM horses and can increase up to 80,000 IU/L after a 15-minute submaximal exercise test.5 Although pedigree analysis suggests that PSSM is probably transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait, there is little information about the expression of the disease from birth to the beginning of training at 2–3 years of age.6 Recently, 2 foals with pneumonia developed severe rhabdomyolysis and were diagnosed with PSSM, suggesting that, under certain circumstances, this disorder may be expressed in young animals.7 The purpose of this longitudinal study was to follow the offspring from PSSM mares bred to a closely related stallion to determine the age of onset of skeletal muscle glycogen and abnormal polysaccharide accumulation, enhanced glucose clearance, and exertional rhabdomyolysis that are indicative of PSSM. The
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".