Chemical and mechanical analysis of tribofilms from fully formulated oils Part 1 – Films on 52100 steel
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The authors report, for the first time, a comprehensive chemical and mechanical characterisation of antiwear films prepared from a fully formulated oil that is commercially available. Wear increases substantially when using the fully formulated oil compared to using ZDDP alone. X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy at the P K- and L-edges, S K-edge, Mo L-edge, B K-edge, Ca L-edge, O K-edge and Fe and Zn L-edges permits chemical characterisation of the major elements in the thin films. Ca phosphates, ZnS and MoS 2 are the main P and S species formed, contrary to previous studies involving only ZDDPs, whereby Zn phosphates are the dominant species. These findings can be accounted for by using the hard and soft acid and bases (HSAB) principle. Small amounts of CaCO 3 are present, but no B was detected, implying it does not become incorporated into the film. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) reveals continuous pads with a relatively uniform indentation moduli (125 ± 10 GPa), separated by trenches that are essentially comprised of uncovered steel substrate.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".