Chemical and mechanical analysis of tribofilms from fully formulated oils Part 1 – Films on 52100 steel
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The authors report, for the first time, a comprehensive chemical and mechanical characterisation of antiwear films prepared from a fully formulated oil that is commercially available. Wear increases substantially when using the fully formulated oil compared to using ZDDP alone. X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy at the P K- and L-edges, S K-edge, Mo L-edge, B K-edge, Ca L-edge, O K-edge and Fe and Zn L-edges permits chemical characterisation of the major elements in the thin films. Ca phosphates, ZnS and MoS 2 are the main P and S species formed, contrary to previous studies involving only ZDDPs, whereby Zn phosphates are the dominant species. These findings can be accounted for by using the hard and soft acid and bases (HSAB) principle. Small amounts of CaCO 3 are present, but no B was detected, implying it does not become incorporated into the film. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) reveals continuous pads with a relatively uniform indentation moduli (125 ± 10 GPa), separated by trenches that are essentially comprised of uncovered steel substrate.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it