Reactive Oxygen Species as Mediators of Calcium Signaling by Angiotensin II: Implications in Vascular Physiology and Pathophysiology
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical, and reactive nitrogen species, such as nitric oxide and peroxynitrite, are biologically relevant O2 derivatives increasingly being recognized as important in vascular biology through their oxidation/reduction (redox) potential. All vascular cell types produce ROS primarily via membrane-associated NAD(P)H oxidase. ROS influence vascular function by modulating contraction/dilation, cell growth, apoptosis/anoikis, migration, inflammation, and fibrosis. An imbalance in redox state where prooxidants overwhelm antioxidant capacity results in oxidative stress. Oxidative excess and associated oxidative damage are mediators of altered vascular tone and structural remodeling in many cardiovascular diseases. ROS elicit these effects by influencing intracellular signaling events. In addition to modulating protein tyrosine kinases, protein phosphatases, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and transcription factors, ROS are important regulators of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and RhoA/Rho kinase signaling. ROS increase vascular [Ca2+]i by stimulating inositol trisphosphate-mediated Ca2+ mobilization, by increasing cytosolic Ca2+ accumulation through sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase inhibition, and by stimulating Ca2+ influx through Ca2+ channels. Increased ROS generation enhances Ca2+ signaling and up-regulates RhoA/Rho kinase, thereby altering vascular contractility and tone. The present review discusses the importance of ROS in angiotensin II signaling in vascular biology and focuses specifically on the role of oxidative stress in Ca2+ signaling in the vasculature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".