Use of Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Before and After Publication of the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study III in Get With The Guidelines-Stroke
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS) III demonstrated benefit to expanding the intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) window from 3 to 4.5 hours for patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We investigated how this trial influenced use of tPA in clinical practice. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using the Get With The Guidelines-Stroke data set, we identified 217 692 patients who presented to the hospital within 4.5 hours of AIS from April 2003 to March 2011, 106 113 before and 111 579 after the publication of ECASS III in September 2008. The proportion of patients with AIS who presented within 4.5 hours and were treated with tPA in the 3- to 4.5-hour window increased from 1.2% before ECASS III to 3.5% after (P<0.0001). The proportion of eligible patients with AIS presenting within 3.5 hours and treated within 4.5 hours increased from 19% (18 484/96 208) to 35% (26 888/77 309) (P<0.0001). ECASS III appeared to have no adverse affect on the treatment of patients who presented early because the proportion of eligible patients with AIS presenting within 2 hours and treated within 3 hours increased after ECASS III from 57% to 75% (P<0.0001), whereas median door-to-needle times in patients treated within 3 hours decreased from 79 to 74 minutes (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Following publication of ECASS III, there has been a significant increase in the use of tPA between 3 and 4.5 hours without adversely affecting treatment of patients in the <3-hour window. However, there remains substantial opportunity to further improve treatment rates in the later time window.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.024 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".