L’INTERVENTION ÉTATIQUE DANS LE SECTEUR DES SERVICES BANCAIRES CANADIENS - DOI: 10.12818/P.0304-2340.2013vJJp189
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Phénomène occidental, l’endettement des particuliers touche de plein fouet les Canadiens depuis plusieurs années, augmentant ainsi le risque d’une défaillance financière des particuliers et du système bancaire dans son ensemble. Cependant, l’excellente santé financière des banques canadiennes, en raison de facteurs culturels, structurels et réglementaires, comme l’a démontré la traversée exemplaire des banques canadiennes lors de la crise financière 2007-2009, tempère cette inquiétude. Malgré tout, il faut admettre que l’environnement réglementaire est perfectible, l’État laissant une place trop importante à l’autoréglementation des banques, notamment en ce qui concerne le crédit et les paiements électroniques.MOT-CLÉS: Consommateur. Surendettement. Régulation. Autorégulation. Banque. Carte de crédit. Carte de débit. Carte de paiement. Paiement. ABSTRACTAs an occidental phenomenon, consumer overindebtedness has been hitting Canadians over the past years. This causes a consumer bankruptcy risk and a systemic risk for the banking system. However, the soundness of Canadian banks during the 2007-2009 financial crisis, due to cultural, structural and regulatory factors, moderate this concern. Neverthless, one must admit that the regulatory environment is perfectible, since the State leaves too much room for banking selfregulation, expecially with regards to credit and electronic payments.KEYWORDS: Consumer. Overindebtedness. Regulation. Selfregulation. Bank. Credit Card. Debit Card. Payment Card. Payment
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.030 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".