Development of active controlled retrieval during middle childhood
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the development of active controlled memory retrieval in children. Active retrieval is an effortful retrieval required to disambiguate information stored in memory. Brain imaging studies and monkey experiments have shown that the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) is specifically engaged in this retrieval in both adult humans and monkeys. Three groups of 6-, 8-, and 11-year-old children and adults were tested on an active retrieval task. Results showed a marked difference in performance between 6-year olds, who made more errors and had longer response time, and 8- and 11-year olds, who had performance similar to adults. These results provide evidence that the VLPFC and the network supporting its top-down modulation undergo substantial maturational changes between 6 and 8 years old, giving children better active control of visual memory.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".