In-Situ Powder X-ray Diffraction Investigation of Reaction Pathways for the BaCO<sub>3</sub>−CeO<sub>2</sub>−In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and CeO<sub>2</sub>−In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Systems
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report the first in-situ powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) study of the BaCO(3)-CeO(2)-In(2)O(3) and CeO(2)-In(2)O(3) systems in air over a wide range of temperature between 25 and 1200 degrees C. Herein, we are investigating the formation pathway and chemical stability of perovskite-type BaCe(1-x)In(x)O(3-delta) (x = 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3) and corresponding fluorite-type Ce(1-x)In(x)O(2-delta) phases. The potential direct solid state reaction between CeO(2) and In(2)O(3) for the formation of indium-doped fluorite-type phase is not observed even up to 1200 degrees C in air. The formation of the BaCe(1-x)In(x)O(3-delta) perovskite structures was investigated and rationalized using in-situ PXRD. Furthermore the decomposition of the indium-doped perovskites in CO(2) is followed using high temperature diffraction and provides insights into the reaction pathway as well as the thermal stability of the Ce(1-x)In(x)O(3-delta) system. In CO(2) flow, BaCe(1-x)In(x)O(3-delta) decomposes above T = 600 degrees C into BaCO(3) and Ce(1-x)In(x)O(2-delta). Furthermore, for the first time, the in-situ PXRD confirmed that Ce(1-x)In(x)O(2-delta) decomposes above 800 degrees C and supported the previously claimed metastability. The maximum In-doping level for CeO(2) has been determined using PXRD. The lattice constant of the fluorite-type structure Ce(1-x)In(x)O(2-delta) follows the Shannon ionic radii trend, and crystalline domain sizes were found to be dependent on indium concentration.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it