Bibliographic record
Abstract
While a majority of the studies related to unsaturated soils have focused on volume change, flow, and shear strength behavior, investigations of tensile strength of unsaturated soils, especially granular soils, have not received much attention except for those on cemented and clayey soils. This paper focuses on fundamental studies of tensile strength properties of granular soils in the unsaturated state, which were examined experimentally and theoretically. Experimental studies have shown that it is possible to accurately measure the tensile strength of sands at water contents in the range of 0.5%–17% by means of simple techniques. The method of specimen preparation has proved important, and the use of relatively large specimens has made development of homogeneous specimens and measurements relatively straightforward. The magnitude of the tensile strength of moist and relatively clean sands varies with water content, density, and soil type. The experimental data are also compared with mechanics-based models developed for monosized spheres, and their application for a real granular soil with a variety of particles is discussed in the unsaturated state, which includes the pendular, funicular, and capillary regions.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".