Effect of Remineralization on Heavy-Metal Leaching from Cement-Stabilized/Solidified Waste
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Crushed samples of stabilized/solidified (s/s) waste were leached at constant leachate pH in the pH range 4-7 with nitric acid solutions to evaluate the influence of remineralization on metal release. The s/s waste consisted of synthetic heavy-metal sludge containing 0.1 mol L(-1) copper nitrate, 0.1 mol L(-1) zinc nitrate, and 0.1 mol L(-1) lead nitrate mixed with ordinary Portland cement. Unleached and leached particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Two consecutive leaching fronts advancing from the surface of the particles toward the center were identified: the first front was associated with the dissolution of portlandite and partial reaction of the calcium silicate hydrate gel, while the second front was associated with the dissolution of calcium-aluminum hydroxy sulfates such as ettringite and monosulfate. At pH 4 and 5, a remineralization zone rich in heavy metals formed immediately behind the second leaching front. The shell extending from the remineralization zone to the surface of the particles was depleted in calcium, sulfate, and heavy metals. As a result of remineralization, heavy-metal releases to the leachate were reduced by factors ranging between 3.2 and 6.2 at pH 4 and between 74 and 193 at pH 5. At pH 6 and 7, remineralization of Pb and Zn occurred further behind the second leaching front and closer to the surface of the particles. The amount of heavy-metal release depended on both the leachate pH and the remineralization factor.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".