Acoustic properties of the interdental approximant in Kagayanen
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper describes the acoustic properties of the interdental approximant, a rare speech sound reported to date only in a dozen languages in the Philippines. The measurements analyzed here are based on recordings of one female speaker of Kagayanen. The interdental approximant exhibits acoustic characteristics typical of semi-vowels: the formant pattern is similar to that of vowels, and the formant transitions with adjoining vowels have a long duration, usually 35 ms or more. The values of F2 and F3 are analogous to those of the Kagayanen [l], a prototypical voiced alveolar lateral; the only significant formant value difference between the two sounds involves F1: the interdental approximant has a mean of 508 Hz (n=9), whereas the mean for [l] is 368 Hz (n=9). On the other hand, while these two segments sound impressionistically similar, the interdental approximant differs acoustically from [l] in several other respects as well: there is no abrupt change in the formant pattern at the junctures with adjoining vowels, the higher formants (F6 and above) are not reduced in intensity, and F3 is not enhanced in intensity compared to semi-vowels.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".