Friberg Correlations in Oil Recovery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The current status of “Friberg correlations” is reviewed and illustrated in model and industrial systems relevant to the oil industry. For a model naphthenic acids/sodium hydroxide two‐phase system, a third, liquid crystal (LC), phase is formed at the o/w interface from sodium naphthenates, which is produced in situ by a chemical reaction. This LC layer spreads spontaneously on the o/w interface, thus it is a “surface‐active phase” in the sense defined by R. G. Laughlin. When this additional phase covers the oil/water interface it modifies the transport processes throughout the interface. The LC layers on water droplets may be one of the reasons for the high water‐in‐oil emulsion stability observed in industrial systems. This suggestion is supported by the increased stability of water‐in‐bitumen emulsions doped with sodium naphthenates at concentrations higher than 50 ppm. The stability of the emulsion droplets can be further enhanced by capturing solid particles or precipitated asphaltenes at the LC‐coated interfaces. At equilibrium, optically anisotropic structures are detected in the bitumen/water/sodium hydroxide system, indicating the presence of a liquid crystal (LC) phase in industrial systems. The possible source of errors and proper use of polarization microscopy are discussed for LC phase containing emulsions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".