IR Spectroscopy of aqueous alkali halides. Factor analysis
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The infrared spectra of ten salts in aqueous solutions were obtained in their solubility range using attenuated total reflection (ATR). The salts are: LiCl, NaCl, KCl, CsCl, MgCl 2 , NaBr, KBr, NaI, KI, and CsI. The salts, which are completely ionized in water, do not absorb in the IR. Only their interactions with water are observed and analyzed. Factor analysis (FA) applied to the spectra showed that two principal species are present in the solutions: pure water and salt-solvated water. The modifications of the water spectrum are dependent on the nature of the salts, their concentrations and are mainly of first-order. Second-order effects were observed but, being weak, were not investigated. The modifications of the IR-ATR spectrum from pure water to a salt solution are proportional to the modifications of the imaginary part of the refractive index spectrum (k(v)). This indicates that the anomalous dispersion effects do not interfere with the chemical analysis of the IR-ATR spectra. In every salt studied, the two main species present in the solutions remained stable throughout the salt solubility ranges. Comparison between the IR spectra of the different salts solutions indicates that both anions and cations are in strong interaction with water molecules and are solvated together in stable clusters.Key words: IR spectroscopy, ATR, liquid, aqueous solutions, factor analysis, principal spectra, LiCl, NaCl, KCl, CsCl, NaBr, KBr, NaI, KI, CsI, MgCl 2 .
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.024 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it