Responses of single piles to tunneling-induced soil movements in sandy ground
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The responses of single piles under various working loads to nearby tunneling were investigated using centrifuge model tests. First, the tunneling-induced soil movements and the tunnel stability in saturated sandy ground were examined. Two instrumented piles with penetration depths of 27 m were located either side of, and at various distances from, tunnels embedded at depths with various cover-to-diameter ratios, and used to measure the bending moments and axial forces at various depths for various ground loss ratios during tunneling simulations. The test results show that in the case of shallow tunneling near a long pile the unit skin frictions on the pile from the tunnel axis to an elevation of 1.5 tunnel diameters above the tunnel axis rapidly decrease with increases in the ground loss ratio. A significant degradation of the end bearing capacity results in a large settlement of the pile if the pile tip is near the tunnel. The depth ratio was found to be a significant influence on the bending moment profiles along the piles, but both the depth ratio and the working loads on the pile head determine the axial load profile and the pile settlement. A mechanism for pile load transfer during new tunneling is proposed to enable construction engineers to prevent structure failure in piles and excessive pile settlement.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".