On the generation of proton beams in fast solar wind in the presence of obliquely propagating Alfvén waves
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Over the past few decades, satellite investigations have revealed that the solar wind contains a plethora of distribution function signatures (proton beam, anisotropic cores) requiring models departing from the conventional fluid theory and necessitating the inclusion of wave‐particle interactions. Numerous theoretical models and explanations have been proposed, but several questions concerning time and heliocentric evolution as well as the formation of beam components and anisotropic cores remain unanswered. We propose a simple solution for the generation of beam components, as a result of physical trapping due to obliquely propagating Alfvén modes, based on a previously reported dynamical system describing the wave interaction with a single ion in the absence of dissipation mechanisms. We have found that beams with significant densities (7%–8%) and with velocities of the order of the Alfvén speed can be generated. The beams' properties, including density, velocity, and temperature, are dependent on the wave propagation angle. The results are in qualitative agreement with the observations and could provide an explanation for the evolution of nonthermal distribution functions observed in fast solar wind and other space plasmas regimes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".